Podcast Titles

Noun Phrase:

• The Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration For D.M.D.

Verb Phrase:

• Reviewing The Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration For D.M.D.

How To Fragments:

• How To Designate Symptoms Of D.M.D. To Muscle Degeneration  Age Levels

Questions:

• What Are The Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration In D.M.D.?

Subtitles:

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration

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Favorite Two Titles:

• The Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration For D.M.D.

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration

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Explanations:

• I liked my noun title, "The Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration For D.M.D.". My noun title displays exactly what I will be talking about. The title is simple and straight to the point. There are no questions about what I will be discussing in my podcast. However, it seems boring and dry. 

• My favorite title is my subtitle type of title, "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Age Levels Of Muscle Degeneration". My title shows exactly the topics I will be talking about. The title shows how in my podcast I talk about D.M.D. in my introduction. However, it also exhibits how my main point is the age levels of muscle degeneration. 

Creating Titles

Noun Phrase:

• Awareness For Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Verb Phrase:

• Raising Awareness About D.M.D.

How To Fragments:

• How To Make A Difference In The World Of Duchenne

Questions:

• What Can You Do To Help In The Fight For A Cure For D.M.D.?

Subtitles:

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Fight For Awareness

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Favorite Two Titles:

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Fighting For Awareness

• How To Make A Difference In The World Of Duchenne

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Explanations:

• My favorite title is my subtitle type of title, "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Fighting For Awareness". My subtitle is my favorite type of title because it's to the point and combines my topic and my purposes into one title. Also, it shows how I'm trying to explain D.M.D. and trying to raise awareness at the same time. In addition, I just like the way it sounds when I say it.

• The other title that I liked was my how to type of title, " How To Make A Difference In The World Of Duchenne ". I liked this title also because it is engaging my audience into my work by making them more knowledgeable about my topics and even thinking about what they can personally do to help try to find a cure for D.M.D.  

Current and New Keywords

Current Key Words: Duchenne, muscular dystrophy, dystrophin, muscles, degeneration
Combinations: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, muscle degeneration, dystrophin degeneration
Operators: PUC Library Database

New Information: The combination most useful was "muscle degeneration" which I used in the PUC Library Database. I learned that bone marrow stromal cells are being used to regenerate muscle tissues. The regeneration of muscle tissues can help reverse the effects of muscle degeneration for diseases like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The bone marrow stromal cells are transplanted into the body from fetal cells (cells from aborted or still-born babies) which is causing a social dilemma about whether that is moral of not.

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New Key Words: bone marrow, stromal cells, muscle degeneration, muscles, muscle diseases, muscle regeneration, transplants
Combinations: bone marrow stromal cells, muscle degeneration diseases, muscle regeneration transplants
Operators: PUC Library Database

New Information: The combination most useful was "muscle regeneration transplants" which I used in the PUC Library Database. I learned that skeletal muscles that are damaged especially by muscle degeneration diseases like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are able to regenerate new muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are syncytial cells that have hundreds of nuclei in the cytoplasm of cells. The regeneration of muscle tissues depends on the coming together of cells that have only one nucleus or the piecing together of muscle fibers that are dying. The process creates new cells which is a social dilemma because the cells are transplanted into the body from fetal cells.

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Annotated Bibliographies

#1
Dezawa, M., Ishikawa, H., Itokazu, Y., Yoshihara, T., Hoshino, M., Takeda, S., Ide, C., & Nabeshima, Y. (2005). Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science, 309(5732), 314.
Summary:

The article explain a new process to help regenerate muscle cells due to muscle degeneration from degenerative diseases. The author explains how bone marrow stromal cells are transplanted into the body to regenerate muscle cells. The stromal cells are transplanted from fetal cells. The use of fetal cells is a social controversial debate because the cells come from aborted or still born babies.

Assess:

The source will be very useful when talking about finding a cure for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The authors are credible sources because they have done the research themselves and have provided resources to back up their information with. The source is mainly objective, but might have subtle bias.

Reflect:

I may use the source when adding to my webtext phase three in order to add ways to do more research and find a cure that I mentioned in my expansion google document. The source is relevant to the time with the controversial issues and the research done and has very credible information. The source did not change my view about the topic.

#2

Tedesco, F. S., Dellavalle, A., Diaz - Manera, J., Messina, G., & Cossu, G. (2010). Repairing skeletal muscle: regenerative potential of skeletal muscle stem cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(1), 11.

Summary:

The article talks about how skeletal muscles are damaged especially by muscle degeneration diseases like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are able to regenerate new muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are syncytial cells that have hundreds of nuclei in the cytoplasm of cells. The regeneration of muscle tissues depends on the coming together of cells that have only one nucleus or the piecing together of muscle fibers that are dying. The process creates new cells which is a social dilemma because the cells are transplanted into the body from fetal cells.

Assess:

The source will be very useful when adding to my phase three webtext revision that I mentioned in the webtext expansion document about adding awareness sites about finding cures for D.M.D. The authors establish credibility by being the authors of the article, performing the research and study themselves, and by using references to back up their information and conclusions. The source is objective, but may have subtle bias.

Reflect:

I could use the source when revising my webtext for the phase three final revision. The source is relevant to the time period with research and the controversy of using fetal cells for transplants for muscle regeneration. The source did not change my view of the topic.

Audience Reflection

The audience member for my site will be the family friend of mine that I will be conducting my primary field research with. She is a female carrier of D.M.D. and has a son with the disease. She wants to remain anonymous. As a reminder, we have talked about this situation before and it was not a problem.

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Mary's Analysis

1. What did you learn from my work?  Please elaborate.

I have learned numerous things from Courtney’s article “The Genetic Inheritance of D.M.D. in Males”. However, since I am a carrier of D.M.D. and my son has D.M.D. I know a large amount of information that Courtney presented me with. I did learn more about dystrophin. I learned that it is a protein that controls how much calcium flows throughout the body. Also, her genetic tests link was very informative and I learned about the genetic testing that I could have done while I was pregnant if I had known that I was a D.M.D. gene carrier.  

2. What would you like to know more about in my topic? Please elaborate.

Courtney’s conclusion really caught my attention. I would really like to know more ways to support D.M.D. causes because she explains what D.M.D. is very well and she has caught my attention with her writing. I would just like to know about causes to help raise awareness about D.M.D.

3. My purpose is to ___________.  Do you think I achieved this purpose?  Why or why not?  

Courtney’s purpose is to explain what D.M.D. is and encourage her audience to learn more about the disease. She has accomplished her purpose because she has broken down what D.M.D. is and has explained it in common language and not technical medical terms. She has persuaded me to create more awareness about the journey in finding a cure for D.M.D. and helping those affected fight it.

4. My thesis statement is ____________.  Do you think I have supported this thesis? Why or why not?

Courtney’s thesis statement is “Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a debilitating disease that many people need to be made aware so that more research can be done to help find a cure.” She has supported her thesis perfectly in my opinion. She has analyzed the disease and broken in down in to simple terms. Her links and information that she provides help break down her topic even more and makes the audience more knowledgeable about D.M.D. She has raised awareness about the disease by explaining that there is no cure for the disease and her YouTube video is an emotional additive to her article that further helps to raise awareness about D.M.D.  

5. (If applicable) Did you find the quality of my recorded podcast convincing? Are you moved to take action?  Why or why not?

I found the quality of her podcast to be perfect. You can tell that Courtney has done her research and is a very reliable source. She also has a tone that is not the same (it fluctuates). She also has a certain curiosity and energy to her voice that makes the listener believe that she really cares about her topic and is inspired by it. I am moved once again to take action. Her podcast makes me want to help all of the children in the world that have D.M.D. fight it and help find a cure. Believe me, with 3 other children, a husband, and a full time job, helping care for my son with D.M.D. is not easy at all.

6. What do you want to do after reading my work?  Please elaborate.

I want to help Courtney raise awareness about D.M.D. and help find a cure. D.M.D. is not a common disease that many people know about. It is a serious condition that many people need to open up their eyes to. I cannot say it enough, with medical bills, medication expenses, depression, doctor visits, and test that have to be done we cannot get enough help. The economy is rough still and we need to raise awareness so that families that have members suffering from D.M.D. need all the help that they can get because no one should suffer because they cannot pay. I believe that what Courtney has written and the fact that your class is making their work known awareness will be spread and may hopefully one day cause enough awareness and find a cure before it’s too late. Thank you for letting me be a part of this.

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My Plans For Revision/Expansion 
I believe that according to Mary’s reactions there is not very much for me to do. However, I plan on adding some sites and foundations in to my webtext that help raise awareness about D.M.D. and help raise money in hopes of finding a cure. Also, I believe I can elaborate more on the fact that there is no cure for D.M.D. and that every little bit helps. My webtext may turn in to more of a persuasion piece than an analyzing piece.

Podcast, New Issue, & 2 Annotated Bibliographies

Podcast Definition:

I believe a podcast is a digital speech that explains new information, problems, ideas, or beliefs. The podcast needs to start off with a background information to talk about your topic in depth and explain it so that your listeners will know what your topic is before they are subject to it. Next, there is an introduction to kind of set the scene and introduce what you will be talking about directly in the podcast. An opening follows to introduce yourself and say what your topic is. Next, there is a script/content section that say exactly what you will be saying in your podcast about your topic. A closing follows the script/context to conclude and reiterate your main points and may even have a call to action. Last, there is a reference section to give credit back to your sources and authors for their work that you incorporated into your podcast.

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New Issue:


the age levels of muscle degeneration in D.M.D. patients


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Annotated Bibliographies:


#1
Bushby, K., Bourke, J., Bullock, R., Eagle, M., Gibson, M., & Quinby, J. (2005). The multidisciplinary management of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Current Paediatrics 15, 292-300.

Summary:
The article expresses the different age ranges of symptoms/degeneration of the muscles due to D.M.D. The authors discuss what happens from walking to being in a wheelchair to ultimately death. Also, the article expresses the history, the types of therapies, and ways to aide in helping prolong the life of those with D.M.D. Lastly, the author explain the respiratory care that is needed for D.M.D. patients and how their respiration decreases due to the affects of the disease.
Assess:
The source will be useful when talking about the different bodily stages that D.M.D. patients go through at different ages in their life. The authors establish credibility by stating their line of work and by backing up their article with numerous credible sources. The source is objective, but may contain subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will be using the source in my podcast when talking about the different bodily stages the D.M.D. patients go through. The source seems to be relevant to not only the time but has credible information. The source did not change my view of the topic.

#2 
Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy.  (2010). Education matters: A teacher's guide to duchenne muscular dystrophy (2nd ed.). Retrieved from parentprojectmd.org

Summary:
The article expresses the different age ranges of symptoms/degeneration of the muscles in D.M.D. patients. The organization's authors discuss the age ranges of degeneration over time from age level to age level. Also, the article covers D.M.D. as a whole from the background, the medical problems, and the journey to finding a cure. Lastly, the authors express the difficulties that all those who affected by D.M.D., not just the patients, go through.
Assess:
The source will be extremely useful when talking about the progression of degeneration of the muscles due to D.M.D. The authors establish credibility by being the parents and researchers of the males and female carriers of D.M.D. with credible sources.  The source is objective, but may contain subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will be using the source when talking about the progression of degeneration of the muscles due to D.M.D. The source is relevant to the time period and has credible information through the authors having personal experience. The source did not change my view of the topic.

Topic Definition Statement and 2 New Sources

Key Terms and Phrases:

• males
• inherit
• D.M.D.
• monogenic diseases
• exon skipping
• dystrophin gene
• mutation
• muscles
• protein dystrophin
• heterozygote
• muscular dystrophies
• genetics
• loss of muscle tissue
• protein components
• gene defects
• chromosomal localization

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Topic Definition Statement

Background Information:

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (D.M.D.) is the most dominant type, out of nine different types, of Muscular Dystrophy (Metules, 2002). The main cause of D.M.D. is the absence of Dystrophin, a muscle protein, in the muscles of the body (Ohlendieck et al., 1993). According to Terri Metules, D.M.D. affects "one out of every 3,500 male infants" (2002). Males are affected by D.M.D. due to the fact that they inherit the mutated X-chromosome from their mother who is the carrier (Chamberlain & Rando, 2006). The inherited X-chromosome is "a recessive single gene defect" (Metules, 2002).

Purpose Of The Project And How To Accomplish It:

• The purpose of my paper is to analyze why males inherit D.M.D. I will do a large quantity of research to determine the causes of D.M.D. in males, starting with the mutated X-chromosomes that the males inherit, the protein dystrophin, and the genetic passing from the carrier mothers. In my paper, I will explain the different causes in detail with credible sources to back up my information.

Working Title:

• "The Genetic Inheritance of D.M.D. in Males"

Questions To Be Answered:

• Key Question: Why do males inherit D.M.D.?
• Sub-Questions: Why are females the carriers of D.M.D.? What role does dystrophin play in D.M.D.? How are the X-chromosomes affected?

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New Sources


#1
Aartsma-Rus, A., den Dunnen, J. T., van Ommen G. J. B. (2010). New insights in gene-derived therapy: The example of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1214(14), 199.
Summary:
The article explains D.M.D. in scientific terms as a disease. Also, the authors then go to explain when symptoms show at the age of 5, loss of mobility at the age of 2, and death due to respiratory or heart failure around the age of 20. Lastly the article explains the inheritance order of the mutated X-chromosome.
Assess:
The source will be useful when talking about the inheritance of the mutated X-chromosome. The authors establish credibility by only being writers for this journal and including a list of resources. The source seems to be objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use the source when talking about the inheritance of the mutated X-chromosome. The source has extremely helpful information but might be too broad. The source did not change my view of the topic.


#2
Edwards, J. H. (1984). Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal Of Medical Genetics, 21(1), 77.
Summary:
The article expresses the probability of mothers passing on the mutated X-chromosome to her son, between 0.5% and 1%. The author then expresses that of 50% of mother carries, 25% of the sons are affected by D.M.D. Also, the article then goes on to state that only predictions can be about about the chance of males inheriting D.M.D.; it will be unknown if the males have D.M.D. until they show symptoms if not genetic testing has taken place.
Assess:
The source will be useful when talking about the chance that a female carrier will pass the mutated X-chromosome to her son. The author establishes credibility by including his position at the University of Oxford and including a list of credible resources. The source seems to be objective, but may contain subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use the source when talking about female carrier chances of passing the mutated X-chromosome to her son. However, the source seems to be a little outdated and may not be credible with today's scientific research, so I may have to exclude any information from my paper. The source did not change my view of the topic.  





  

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Research Questions

One Research Question:

• What causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (D.M.D.)?

Narrowed Questions:

• What is D.M.D.?
• Who is affected by D.M.D.?

Broadened Questions:

• What causes males to inherit D.M.D.?
• How/why do choice females inherit D.M.D. as carriers?

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Annotated Bibliographies

#1.
Chamberlain, J. S., & Rando, T. A. (2006). Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Advances in therapeutics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Summary:
The book discusses what D.M.D. is and how it is inherited. Another discussion in the book explains that D.M.D. is an X chromosome related mutation, meaning that the females pass the mutation down to the sons. Also, the book covers topics related to clinical studies of treatment for D.M.D.
Assess:
The source might be useful in my proposal because it relates to my search on finding what causes D.M.D. The book is reliable because it comes with a list of references. The source seems to mainly be objective, but
might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use this source for my project. However, other sources may present the information in more detail or with a better description so I will have to choose what sources are best for my proposal. The source was
helpful and it has not changed my view of the topic.

#2.
Emery, A. E. H. (2008). Muscular dystrophy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Summary:
The book discusses the amount in individuals who have muscular dystrophy. The author claims that muscular dystrophy affectes all individuals no matter what race or society level. Also, the book claims that muscular
dystrophy is genetic so it cannot be recognized until the person is already affected.
Assess:
The source will be useful in looking at the amount of people with M.D. in the US. The book is a reliable source because the author has established credibility by being a professor of human genetics. The source seems to be mainly objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will use the source when talking about the number of people affected by M.D. and in discussing that the gene mutation goes unnoticed until the person is affected. The source appears to be credible due to the author's credentials so I will use the source. The source was helpful and it has not changed my view of the topic.

#3
Metules,T. (2002). Ducnhenne muscular dystrophy. RN Journal 65(10), 39-44.
Summary:
The article states that D.M.D. is the most diagnosed form of M.D. in children. The disease is dominantly in males and most die from respiratory failure. However, the disease has nothing to do with the respiratory system, it is a degerative muscle disease that wears away the muscle fibers.
Assess:
The source will be useful for looking at D.M.D. as a whole and not just M.D. The article is a reliable source because the author establishes credibility with having numerous resources. The source seems to be mainly
objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will deffinately use the source when talking about any subject dealing with D.M.D. The source has more information that will help than any other source. The source was helpful and it has not changed my view of the topic.

#4
Ohlendieck, K., Matsumura, K., Ionasescu, V. V., Towbin, J. A., Bosch, E. P., Weinstein,S. L., Sernett, S. W., & Campbell, K. P. (1993). Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Deficiency of dystrophin-associated proteins in sarcolemma. Neurology, 43(4), 1-6.
Summary:
The article indicates that D.M.D. is caused by the lack/absence of dystrophin which is found in the sarcolemma in skeletal muscle. People affected by D.M.D. are able to be affected by necrosis. Also, the article states that dystrophin is a "membrane cytoskeletal component of sarcolemma".
Assess:
The source will be usefull when talking about the lack of dystrophin in the body as the cause of D.M.D. The article is reliable because that authors establish credibility through their education and list of resources. The source seems to be mainly objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use the source when talkinf about the absence of dystrophin in the body as the cause of D.M.D. The source has helpful information but is very broad and not concentrated on facts, more on an experiment. The source did not changed m view of the topic.

Semester Research Prompt

The subject area that I am interested in researching this semester is the medical field. Three topics that I am interested in are cancer, autism, and muscular dystrophy.

Cancer:
Things I Know
-cancer can affect anyone at any given time
-there are many different types of cancer
-some types of cancer can be cured while others cannot
-there are many treatment options for different types of cancer, it just depends on the type
-many people die from cancer while at the same time many people are cured from it
-cancer effects every race, gender, and age group
-cancer takes over a person's cell and when the cell multiplies new cancer cells are created
-cancer is not contagious
-cancer can be passed down genetically
Questions
-How does cancer get in the body in the first place?
-What percentage of people have cancer?
-What causes cancer besides genetics?
Interesting Find
I was interested to find that cancer is hereditary.
Connection
I am connected to cancer in various way. My Grandpa Koleski passed away from cancer 23 years ago (I never met him), my Grandpa Louie is battling skin cancer, my Great Uncle Lenny is a cancer survivor, my Aunt Rhonda passed away from cancer at age 40, and my Aunt Donna was just diagnosed with cancer. Also, I have family friends who are battling and have lost their life to cancer.
Audience
My audience is people who are battling cancer, family members and friends of cancer patients, cancer researchers, and people who may be diagnosed with cancer later on in life.

Autism:
Things I Know
-there are many different types of autism
-autism often inhibits learning
-some people with autism often are very smart
-some side effects are emotional and physical outbursts
-some people with autism are very distant but can learn
-some people with autism are in their own world
-no case is the same, they are all different
Questions
-What percentage of people have autism?
-Does autism affect a certain gender more than the other?
-What are the learning capacities of people with autism?
Interesting Find
I was interested to find that the learning capacities in people with autism vary depending on the type of autism the person has.
Connection
I am connected to autism in 3 ways. First of all, my mom is an elementary school teacher that only teaches autistic children. I see what she goes through everyday and have personal experience with seeing the children. Also, my boyfriend has a cousin, Katie, who is a 4th grader who has autism. I often spend time with my boyfriend's family and see Katie, and the way her autism affects her. Lastly, my friend's little brother has autism and I spend time with him too.
Audience
My audience is people who have autism, the friends and family members of people with autism, and autism researchers.

Muscular Dystrophy (M.D.) :
Things I Know
-M.D. favors males
-M.D. is a mutation in the chromosomes
-the majority of the time, people with M.D. pass away from it
-M.D. cannot be cured
-M.D. breaks down the muscles in the body
-people with M.D. often become crippled
Questions
-Why are males more susceptible to M.D.?
-What percentage of people have M.D.?
-Why is there no cure for M.D.?
Interesting Find
I was interested to find that there is no cure for M.D. due to the fact that it is a mutation in the chromosomes and chromosomes cannot be replaced.
Connection
I am connected to M.D. in only one way. My mom's friend has a son, Dominic, with M.D. and I babysit him sometimes. I get to experience firsthand what he goes through and see how difficult it is for him to go through life with it.
Audience
My audience is people with M.D., family members and friends of people with M.D., and M.D. researchers.

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