Podcast, New Issue, & 2 Annotated Bibliographies

Podcast Definition:

I believe a podcast is a digital speech that explains new information, problems, ideas, or beliefs. The podcast needs to start off with a background information to talk about your topic in depth and explain it so that your listeners will know what your topic is before they are subject to it. Next, there is an introduction to kind of set the scene and introduce what you will be talking about directly in the podcast. An opening follows to introduce yourself and say what your topic is. Next, there is a script/content section that say exactly what you will be saying in your podcast about your topic. A closing follows the script/context to conclude and reiterate your main points and may even have a call to action. Last, there is a reference section to give credit back to your sources and authors for their work that you incorporated into your podcast.

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New Issue:


the age levels of muscle degeneration in D.M.D. patients


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Annotated Bibliographies:


#1
Bushby, K., Bourke, J., Bullock, R., Eagle, M., Gibson, M., & Quinby, J. (2005). The multidisciplinary management of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Current Paediatrics 15, 292-300.

Summary:
The article expresses the different age ranges of symptoms/degeneration of the muscles due to D.M.D. The authors discuss what happens from walking to being in a wheelchair to ultimately death. Also, the article expresses the history, the types of therapies, and ways to aide in helping prolong the life of those with D.M.D. Lastly, the author explain the respiratory care that is needed for D.M.D. patients and how their respiration decreases due to the affects of the disease.
Assess:
The source will be useful when talking about the different bodily stages that D.M.D. patients go through at different ages in their life. The authors establish credibility by stating their line of work and by backing up their article with numerous credible sources. The source is objective, but may contain subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will be using the source in my podcast when talking about the different bodily stages the D.M.D. patients go through. The source seems to be relevant to not only the time but has credible information. The source did not change my view of the topic.

#2 
Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy.  (2010). Education matters: A teacher's guide to duchenne muscular dystrophy (2nd ed.). Retrieved from parentprojectmd.org

Summary:
The article expresses the different age ranges of symptoms/degeneration of the muscles in D.M.D. patients. The organization's authors discuss the age ranges of degeneration over time from age level to age level. Also, the article covers D.M.D. as a whole from the background, the medical problems, and the journey to finding a cure. Lastly, the authors express the difficulties that all those who affected by D.M.D., not just the patients, go through.
Assess:
The source will be extremely useful when talking about the progression of degeneration of the muscles due to D.M.D. The authors establish credibility by being the parents and researchers of the males and female carriers of D.M.D. with credible sources.  The source is objective, but may contain subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will be using the source when talking about the progression of degeneration of the muscles due to D.M.D. The source is relevant to the time period and has credible information through the authors having personal experience. The source did not change my view of the topic.

Topic Definition Statement and 2 New Sources

Key Terms and Phrases:

• males
• inherit
• D.M.D.
• monogenic diseases
• exon skipping
• dystrophin gene
• mutation
• muscles
• protein dystrophin
• heterozygote
• muscular dystrophies
• genetics
• loss of muscle tissue
• protein components
• gene defects
• chromosomal localization

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Topic Definition Statement

Background Information:

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (D.M.D.) is the most dominant type, out of nine different types, of Muscular Dystrophy (Metules, 2002). The main cause of D.M.D. is the absence of Dystrophin, a muscle protein, in the muscles of the body (Ohlendieck et al., 1993). According to Terri Metules, D.M.D. affects "one out of every 3,500 male infants" (2002). Males are affected by D.M.D. due to the fact that they inherit the mutated X-chromosome from their mother who is the carrier (Chamberlain & Rando, 2006). The inherited X-chromosome is "a recessive single gene defect" (Metules, 2002).

Purpose Of The Project And How To Accomplish It:

• The purpose of my paper is to analyze why males inherit D.M.D. I will do a large quantity of research to determine the causes of D.M.D. in males, starting with the mutated X-chromosomes that the males inherit, the protein dystrophin, and the genetic passing from the carrier mothers. In my paper, I will explain the different causes in detail with credible sources to back up my information.

Working Title:

• "The Genetic Inheritance of D.M.D. in Males"

Questions To Be Answered:

• Key Question: Why do males inherit D.M.D.?
• Sub-Questions: Why are females the carriers of D.M.D.? What role does dystrophin play in D.M.D.? How are the X-chromosomes affected?

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New Sources


#1
Aartsma-Rus, A., den Dunnen, J. T., van Ommen G. J. B. (2010). New insights in gene-derived therapy: The example of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1214(14), 199.
Summary:
The article explains D.M.D. in scientific terms as a disease. Also, the authors then go to explain when symptoms show at the age of 5, loss of mobility at the age of 2, and death due to respiratory or heart failure around the age of 20. Lastly the article explains the inheritance order of the mutated X-chromosome.
Assess:
The source will be useful when talking about the inheritance of the mutated X-chromosome. The authors establish credibility by only being writers for this journal and including a list of resources. The source seems to be objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use the source when talking about the inheritance of the mutated X-chromosome. The source has extremely helpful information but might be too broad. The source did not change my view of the topic.


#2
Edwards, J. H. (1984). Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal Of Medical Genetics, 21(1), 77.
Summary:
The article expresses the probability of mothers passing on the mutated X-chromosome to her son, between 0.5% and 1%. The author then expresses that of 50% of mother carries, 25% of the sons are affected by D.M.D. Also, the article then goes on to state that only predictions can be about about the chance of males inheriting D.M.D.; it will be unknown if the males have D.M.D. until they show symptoms if not genetic testing has taken place.
Assess:
The source will be useful when talking about the chance that a female carrier will pass the mutated X-chromosome to her son. The author establishes credibility by including his position at the University of Oxford and including a list of credible resources. The source seems to be objective, but may contain subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use the source when talking about female carrier chances of passing the mutated X-chromosome to her son. However, the source seems to be a little outdated and may not be credible with today's scientific research, so I may have to exclude any information from my paper. The source did not change my view of the topic.  





  

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Research Questions

One Research Question:

• What causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (D.M.D.)?

Narrowed Questions:

• What is D.M.D.?
• Who is affected by D.M.D.?

Broadened Questions:

• What causes males to inherit D.M.D.?
• How/why do choice females inherit D.M.D. as carriers?

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Annotated Bibliographies

#1.
Chamberlain, J. S., & Rando, T. A. (2006). Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Advances in therapeutics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Summary:
The book discusses what D.M.D. is and how it is inherited. Another discussion in the book explains that D.M.D. is an X chromosome related mutation, meaning that the females pass the mutation down to the sons. Also, the book covers topics related to clinical studies of treatment for D.M.D.
Assess:
The source might be useful in my proposal because it relates to my search on finding what causes D.M.D. The book is reliable because it comes with a list of references. The source seems to mainly be objective, but
might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use this source for my project. However, other sources may present the information in more detail or with a better description so I will have to choose what sources are best for my proposal. The source was
helpful and it has not changed my view of the topic.

#2.
Emery, A. E. H. (2008). Muscular dystrophy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Summary:
The book discusses the amount in individuals who have muscular dystrophy. The author claims that muscular dystrophy affectes all individuals no matter what race or society level. Also, the book claims that muscular
dystrophy is genetic so it cannot be recognized until the person is already affected.
Assess:
The source will be useful in looking at the amount of people with M.D. in the US. The book is a reliable source because the author has established credibility by being a professor of human genetics. The source seems to be mainly objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will use the source when talking about the number of people affected by M.D. and in discussing that the gene mutation goes unnoticed until the person is affected. The source appears to be credible due to the author's credentials so I will use the source. The source was helpful and it has not changed my view of the topic.

#3
Metules,T. (2002). Ducnhenne muscular dystrophy. RN Journal 65(10), 39-44.
Summary:
The article states that D.M.D. is the most diagnosed form of M.D. in children. The disease is dominantly in males and most die from respiratory failure. However, the disease has nothing to do with the respiratory system, it is a degerative muscle disease that wears away the muscle fibers.
Assess:
The source will be useful for looking at D.M.D. as a whole and not just M.D. The article is a reliable source because the author establishes credibility with having numerous resources. The source seems to be mainly
objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I will deffinately use the source when talking about any subject dealing with D.M.D. The source has more information that will help than any other source. The source was helpful and it has not changed my view of the topic.

#4
Ohlendieck, K., Matsumura, K., Ionasescu, V. V., Towbin, J. A., Bosch, E. P., Weinstein,S. L., Sernett, S. W., & Campbell, K. P. (1993). Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Deficiency of dystrophin-associated proteins in sarcolemma. Neurology, 43(4), 1-6.
Summary:
The article indicates that D.M.D. is caused by the lack/absence of dystrophin which is found in the sarcolemma in skeletal muscle. People affected by D.M.D. are able to be affected by necrosis. Also, the article states that dystrophin is a "membrane cytoskeletal component of sarcolemma".
Assess:
The source will be usefull when talking about the lack of dystrophin in the body as the cause of D.M.D. The article is reliable because that authors establish credibility through their education and list of resources. The source seems to be mainly objective, but might have subtle bias.
Reflect:
I may use the source when talkinf about the absence of dystrophin in the body as the cause of D.M.D. The source has helpful information but is very broad and not concentrated on facts, more on an experiment. The source did not changed m view of the topic.